Chemotherapy is a widely used cancer treatment that employs powerful drugs to destroy fast-growing cancer cells. While many associate chemotherapy with hair loss and fatigue, its role in cancer care is far more nuanced. It can be used as a primary treatment, to shrink tumors before surgery (neoadjuvant therapy), or to eliminate remaining cancer cells post-surgery (adjuvant therapy).
What makes chemotherapy unique is its systemic nature—unlike surgery or radiation that targets specific areas, chemo drugs travel throughout the body via the bloodstream. This makes it particularly effective for cancers that have spread (metastasized). Modern oncology has developed multiple delivery methods, with intravenous (IV) and intraperitoneal (IP) being among the most common.
Patients often have questions about what to expect. Will it hurt? How long does treatment last? The truth is, chemotherapy experiences vary widely based on the drug regimen, cancer type, and individual health. Some patients continue working during treatment, while others need significant rest. What remains constant is the importance of personalized care plans and support systems to manage both physical and emotional challenges.
Chemotherapy drugs can be administered in several ways, each tailored to the cancer's location and stage. The most common methods include:
IV and IP methods are particularly significant for their precision. IV chemotherapy uses catheters or ports to avoid repeated needle sticks, while IP chemotherapy involves a temporary catheter placed during surgery. The choice depends on factors like cancer type, stage, and patient health. For example, IP chemo delivers higher drug concentrations to abdominal tumors with fewer systemic side effects—a major advantage for eligible patients.
IV chemotherapy is the most recognizable form, where drugs are infused into the bloodstream through a vein. This method ensures systemic treatment, reaching cancer cells anywhere in the body. The process begins with inserting a thin needle into a vein, often in the arm, though many patients opt for a port-a-cath—a small implanted device that simplifies repeated access.
Treatments are typically administered in cycles (e.g., once every 3 weeks) to allow healthy cells time to recover. Sessions last from 30 minutes to several hours, depending on the drugs used. Nurses monitor patients closely for allergic reactions or complications.
Advancements like targeted therapy drugs have enhanced IV chemo's effectiveness while reducing side effects. For instance, some drugs now "seek out" cancer-specific proteins, sparing healthy cells. Despite this, common side effects like fatigue, nausea, or lowered immunity persist, making supportive care (anti-nausea meds, hydration) crucial.
IP chemotherapy is a specialized technique where drugs are delivered directly into the peritoneal cavity—the space surrounding abdominal organs. This method is particularly effective for cancers like ovarian or peritoneal mesothelioma, where tumors grow within this confined area.
The procedure involves placing a temporary catheter during surgery, through which heated chemotherapy drugs may be circulated (HIPEC). The heat enhances drug absorption into tissues. Treatments are usually done in combination with IV chemo for comprehensive coverage.
Key benefits include:
However, IP chemo isn’t for everyone. It requires eligibility criteria (e.g., minimal residual disease post-surgery) and may cause abdominal pain or digestive issues during recovery.
Preparation begins with a pre-chemo evaluation, including blood tests, imaging, and heart function checks. Patients receive detailed instructions, such as fasting requirements or pre-medications to prevent reactions.
Practical tips for the first session:
Emotional preparation is equally vital. Many centers offer counseling or support groups to address anxiety. Patients are encouraged to discuss fertility preservation (if applicable) and dental care (chemo can increase oral infection risks) beforehand.
Side effects vary by drug but often include:
Proactive management is key. For example:
Most side effects are temporary, but immediate medical attention is needed for fever (>100.4°F), severe pain, or allergic reactions (rash, breathing difficulties).