Oophorectomy: What to Expect Before, During, and After Surgery

What is an Oophorectomy?

An oophorectomy is a surgical procedure to remove one or both ovaries. The ovaries are part of the female reproductive system, responsible for producing eggs and hormones like estrogen and progesterone. This surgery may be performed for various medical reasons, including cancer prevention, severe endometriosis, or ovarian cysts. Depending on the situation, an oophorectomy can be done alone or alongside a hysterectomy (removal of the uterus). While losing an ovary impacts fertility and hormone levels, many women lead healthy lives post-surgery with proper medical guidance.

There are different types of oophorectomy procedures, and the approach depends on factors like the patient’s health, age, and the reason for surgery. If you’re considering or have been advised to undergo this procedure, understanding what it entails can help ease concerns and prepare you for the journey ahead.

Reasons for an Oophorectomy

Doctors may recommend an oophorectomy for several medical conditions. One of the most common reasons is ovarian cancer or a high genetic risk (such as BRCA mutations) that increases cancer likelihood. Other reasons include:

• Ovarian cysts or tumors (especially if large, painful, or suspicious for cancer)
• Endometriosis (when tissue grows outside the uterus, causing severe pain)
• Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) leading to chronic infections
• Ectopic pregnancy in the ovary (rare but life-threatening)
• Reducing hormone production in estrogen-sensitive conditions like breast cancer

In some cases, removing the ovaries is a preventive measure, while in others, it’s necessary to treat an existing condition. Your doctor will discuss whether unilateral (one ovary) or bilateral (both ovaries) removal is best for your situation.

Types of Oophorectomy Procedures

Oophorectomies can be performed in different ways, depending on the patient’s needs:

• Unilateral Oophorectomy: Only one ovary is removed, preserving fertility and hormone function if the other ovary is healthy.
• Bilateral Oophorectomy: Both ovaries are removed, often recommended for cancer prevention or advanced endometriosis.
• Minimally Invasive (Laparoscopic) Oophorectomy: Uses small incisions and a camera for faster recovery.
• Open (Abdominal) Oophorectomy: A traditional surgery with a larger incision, used for complex cases like large tumors.

Laparoscopic surgery is preferred when possible due to less scarring and quicker healing. However, the best approach depends on your medical history and surgeon’s recommendation.

Preparing for an Oophorectomy

Proper preparation helps ensure a smooth surgery and recovery. Before your oophorectomy, your doctor may recommend:

• Medical tests (blood work, imaging, or biopsies)
• Medication adjustments (stopping blood thinners, birth control, or hormone therapy)
• Pre-surgery diet (fasting for 8-12 hours before the procedure)
• Arranging post-op support (someone to drive you home and assist for a few days)

You’ll also discuss anesthesia options (general or regional) and what to expect during recovery. Preparing mentally is just as important—don’t hesitate to ask questions about risks, benefits, and alternatives.

The Surgical Procedure Explained

An oophorectomy typically follows these steps:

1. Anesthesia: You’ll be given general anesthesia (put to sleep) or regional anesthesia (numbing the lower body).
2. Incision: For laparoscopic surgery, small cuts are made in the abdomen. Open surgery requires a larger incision.
3. Ovary Removal: The surgeon carefully detaches the ovary (or ovaries) from surrounding tissues and blood vessels.
4. Closure: The incisions are closed with stitches or surgical glue.

The procedure usually takes 1-3 hours, depending on complexity. Most women stay in the hospital for 1-2 days (longer for open surgery). Pain medication and monitoring help manage initial discomfort.

Recovery After Oophorectomy

Recovery time varies based on the type of surgery:

• Laparoscopic: 1-2 weeks of light activity, full recovery in 4-6 weeks.
• Open Surgery: 4-6 weeks of restricted movement, full healing in 8-12 weeks.

Post-op care includes:

• Taking prescribed painkillers and antibiotics
• Avoiding heavy lifting (>10 lbs) and strenuous exercise
• Watching for signs of infection (fever, redness, or unusual discharge)

Follow-up appointments ensure proper healing. If both ovaries were removed, hormone replacement therapy (HRT) may be discussed to manage menopausal symptoms.

Potential Risks and Complications

While oophorectomy is generally safe, possible risks include:

• Short-term: Infection, bleeding, blood clots, or anesthesia reactions.
• Long-term: Early menopause (if both ovaries removed), bone density loss, heart health risks, or mood changes.

Women who undergo bilateral oophorectomy before natural menopause may face higher risks of osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease. Discussing preventive measures (like HRT, calcium supplements, and regular exercise) with your doctor can help mitigate these effects.

Life After Oophorectomy

Adjusting after ovary removal depends on whether one or both ovaries were removed:

• Unilateral: The remaining ovary usually compensates, maintaining hormone levels and fertility.
• Bilateral: Surgical menopause begins immediately, causing hot flashes, mood swings, and vaginal dryness.

Tips for managing life post-surgery:

• Consider hormone therapy (if appropriate)
• Prioritize bone health (calcium, vitamin D, weight-bearing exercise)
• Seek emotional support (counseling or support groups)

Many women live healthy, active lives after oophorectomy—especially with proper medical and lifestyle support.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)