Understanding Stomach (Gastric) Cancer: Symptoms, Treatment & Recovery

Introduction to Stomach (Gastric) Cancer

Stomach cancer, also known as gastric cancer, develops when abnormal cells grow uncontrollably in the stomach lining. It is one of the most common cancers worldwide, though early detection can significantly improve treatment outcomes. The stomach plays a vital role in digestion, and cancer here can affect nutrient absorption and overall health.

While stomach cancer rates have declined in some regions due to better food preservation and reduced H. pylori infections, it remains a serious health concern. Risk factors include age (most common in people over 50), diet high in smoked or salty foods, smoking, and family history. Symptoms often appear in later stages, making awareness crucial for early intervention.

Treatment depends on the cancer stage and may involve surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation. Advances in medical technology have improved survival rates, but prevention through a healthy lifestyle remains the best defense.

Causes and Risk Factors

The exact cause of stomach cancer is unclear, but several factors increase risk:

• Chronic H. pylori infection: A common bacterial infection that inflames the stomach lining.
• Diet: High intake of processed, smoked, or salty foods and low fruit/vegetable consumption.
• Smoking and alcohol: Both significantly elevate risk.
• Family history: Genetic predisposition plays a role.
• Obesity and GERD: Chronic acid reflux may damage stomach tissue.

Other conditions like pernicious anemia or stomach polyps also contribute. While some factors (like genetics) can’t be changed, lifestyle adjustments—such as quitting smoking and eating a balanced diet—can lower risk.

Symptoms and Early Warning Signs

Early-stage stomach cancer often has mild or no symptoms, but warning signs include:

• Persistent indigestion or heartburn
• Unexplained weight loss
• Stomach pain or bloating after eating
• Nausea/vomiting (sometimes with blood)
• Difficulty swallowing

Advanced symptoms may include jaundice, fluid buildup in the abdomen, or blood in stools. Since these signs overlap with common digestive issues, many people delay medical visits. If symptoms persist for more than two weeks, consult a doctor immediately.

Diagnosis and Staging

Diagnosing stomach cancer involves:

• Endoscopy: A thin tube with a camera examines the stomach.
• Biopsy: Tissue samples are tested for cancer cells.
• Imaging tests: CT scans or PET scans determine cancer spread.

Staging (from 0 to IV) depends on tumor size, lymph node involvement, and metastasis. Early-stage (I/II) cancers are often treatable with surgery, while advanced stages (III/IV) may require systemic therapies.

Treatment Options

Treatment plans vary based on cancer stage and patient health:

• Surgery: Partial (subtotal gastrectomy) or full stomach removal.
• Chemotherapy: Drugs shrink tumors before surgery or kill remaining cells.
• Radiation therapy: Targets cancer cells with high-energy beams.
• Immunotherapy/Targeted therapy: Newer treatments for advanced cases.

Palliative care helps manage symptoms in late-stage cancer, improving quality of life.

Recovery and Post-Surgery Care

Recovery after stomach surgery involves:

• Dietary changes: Small, frequent meals; high-protein, low-sugar foods.
• Vitamin supplements: B12 injections (if the stomach is removed).
• Physical activity: Gradual reintroduction to rebuild strength.

Follow-up tests monitor recurrence. Emotional support through counseling or support groups aids mental health during recovery.

Prevention and Lifestyle Changes

Reduce risk with these steps:

• Eat fresh fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.
• Avoid processed meats and excessive salt.
• Quit smoking and limit alcohol.
• Treat H. pylori infections promptly.

Regular check-ups are vital for those with a family history or chronic stomach issues.

FAQs About Stomach Cancer