Cystoscopy is a procedure that lets a clinician look directly inside the bladder and urethra using a thin camera. It is commonly used in urology and oncology to evaluate urinary symptoms and to assess for bladder cancer. It can be done in a clinic or an operating room, depending on the situation. It may be used to diagnose conditions, guide biopsies, and monitor known disease.

EUS stands for endoscopic ultrasound. It combines an endoscope (a flexible camera) with ultrasound imaging to view organs from inside the digestive tract. EUS is commonly used to evaluate the pancreas, esophagus, stomach, bile ducts, and rectum. In cancer care, it is often used to help diagnose and stage tumors and to guide tissue sampling.

ERCP is a procedure that combines endoscopy and X-ray imaging. It is used to examine and treat problems in the bile ducts and pancreatic duct. ERCP is commonly performed in hospitals or endoscopy centers by gastroenterology teams. In oncology care, it is often used to evaluate or relieve blockage caused by tumors.

Upper endoscopy is a procedure that lets clinicians look inside the upper digestive tract. It uses a thin, flexible camera to examine the esophagus, stomach, and the first part of the small intestine. It is commonly used to evaluate symptoms and to detect or confirm cancer and other conditions. It can also be used to treat certain problems during the same visit.

Colonoscopy is a medical procedure that allows a clinician to look inside the large intestine (colon) and rectum. It uses a thin, flexible camera (a colonoscope) to view the lining of the bowel in real time. It is commonly used in cancer screening and in the evaluation of symptoms such as bleeding or unexplained anemia. It can also be used to take biopsies and remove certain growths during the same exam.

EBUS stands for endobronchial ultrasound. It is a bronchoscopy-based test that uses ultrasound from inside the airways to see nearby lymph nodes and tissues. It is commonly used in lung cancer care to help diagnose disease and determine stage. It is typically performed by clinicians in pulmonology or interventional pulmonology, sometimes alongside thoracic surgery teams.

Bronchoscopy is a procedure that lets clinicians look inside the airways (the trachea and bronchi) using a thin, flexible or rigid camera. It is commonly used to evaluate symptoms and imaging findings involving the lungs and central airways. In cancer care, it often helps diagnose, stage, or manage tumors affecting the lungs or nearby structures. It can also be used to relieve airway blockage or control bleeding in selected situations.

Ascitic fluid cytology is a lab test that looks for abnormal cells in fluid collected from the abdomen. The fluid is called ascites, and it can build up for cancer and non-cancer reasons. This test is commonly used when clinicians need to evaluate whether ascites may be related to malignancy. It is often part of a broader oncology workup and staging discussion.

Pleural fluid cytology is a laboratory test that looks for abnormal cells in fluid collected from around the lungs. It is most often used when a person has a pleural effusion, meaning extra fluid has built up in the pleural space. In oncology care, it can help determine whether cancer is involved and what kind of cancer cells are present. It is commonly ordered in hospitals and cancer centers as part of evaluating shortness of breath or chest symptoms.

Paracentesis is a medical procedure that removes fluid from the abdomen using a needle or small tube. The fluid usually collects in the peritoneal cavity, the space around the abdominal organs. It is commonly used to evaluate or relieve ascites, which is abdominal fluid buildup. In oncology, it may be used for diagnosis, symptom relief, or supportive care.