Nottingham grade is a pathology-based way to describe how “aggressive-looking” certain breast cancers appear under the microscope. It is most commonly used for invasive breast carcinoma on biopsy or surgery samples. The grade summarizes three microscopic features into a single score that helps estimate tumor behavior. It is different from cancer stage, which describes how far cancer has spread.

Clark level is a pathology term that describes how deeply a melanoma has grown into the layers of the skin. It is determined by examining a skin biopsy under a microscope. It is most commonly discussed in cutaneous (skin) melanoma reports and older staging systems. Today it is often considered alongside, or secondary to, other measures such as Breslow thickness.

Breslow depth is a pathology measurement of how deep a melanoma extends into the skin. It is reported in millimeters and is based on what a pathologist sees under a microscope. It is most commonly used for cutaneous (skin) melanoma after a biopsy or excision. It helps clinicians estimate risk and plan next steps such as surgery and lymph node evaluation.

ISUP grade group is a pathology grading system most commonly used for prostate cancer. It summarizes how aggressive a prostate tumor looks under the microscope. It is reported from prostate biopsy or prostate surgery tissue. It helps clinicians communicate risk and plan care in a consistent way.

Gleason score is a pathology grading system used to describe how prostate cancer looks under a microscope. It summarizes how closely the cancer tissue resembles normal prostate tissue. It is most commonly reported after a prostate biopsy or after surgery to remove the prostate. It helps clinicians communicate cancer aggressiveness in a standardized way.

IPSS-R stands for the Revised International Prognostic Scoring System. It is a clinical scoring tool used mainly in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), a group of bone marrow blood cancers. IPSS-R helps clinicians estimate disease risk and likely disease behavior over time. It is commonly used at or near diagnosis to support treatment planning and follow-up discussions.

IPSS stands for the International Prognostic Scoring System. It is a clinical scoring tool used to estimate risk in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), a group of bone marrow disorders that can behave like cancers. IPSS helps clinicians describe how aggressive the disease appears at diagnosis. It is commonly used in hematology-oncology to guide discussion, monitoring intensity, and treatment planning.

R-ISS is the Revised International Staging System used for multiple myeloma. It groups myeloma into stages based on lab tests and specific genetic risk features. Clinicians use it to estimate prognosis and to communicate disease risk in a consistent way. It is commonly used in hematology-oncology clinics and in myeloma clinical trials.

ISS staging is a clinical staging system most commonly used for multiple myeloma. It groups myeloma into broad risk categories using simple blood test results. It helps clinicians describe disease severity in a standardized way. It is often used at diagnosis and when discussing prognosis and treatment planning.

Lugano classification is a standardized way to describe the stage and treatment response of lymphoma. It helps clinicians use the same language when reporting where lymphoma is in the body and how it is changing over time. It is commonly used in Hodgkin lymphoma and many types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It is most often applied using imaging such as PET/CT and CT, along with biopsy and clinical findings.